Content
- Lectures: 30 hours
- Exercises 5 hours
- Independent work: 55 hours
Subject carrier
Description
Introduction
• Health
• Disease, consequences of disease, prognosis, remission, recidivism
• Nomenclature and classification
• Iatrogenic diseases
• Pathology, definition, classification
• Research levels
• Pathogenesis (mechanisms of disease origins)
• Etiology – harmful effects of external and internal environmental factors: physical factors, chemical factors and medications, pollution, smoking, pathogenic microorganisms, inadequate nutrition, ageing, immune reactions, genetic factors
Cell and tissue reactions to external and internal environmental factors
• Reversible change in sublethal cell damages: hydropic degeneration, fat infiltration, hyaline degeneration, pigments, amyloidosis
• Irreversible change in lethal damages: accidental cell death, necrosis, necrosis types, gangrene, gangrene types
• Dystrophic and metastatic calcification
• Programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Growth disorders, morphogenesis and differentiations
• Regeneration, cell cycle and cell classification according to division ability (unstable, stable, permanent)
• Growth, differentiation, morphogenesis
• Congenital growth disorders of the whole organism (dwarfism, gigantism)
• Organogenetic disorders (agenesis, aplasia/hypoplasia, atresia, ectopia, heterotopia, choristia)
• Growth disorders of individual organs/tissues (hypertrophy/hyperplasia, atrophy)
• Acquired differentiation disorders (metaplasia, dysplasia)
Inflammation and renovation
• Definition and role
• Classification of inflammation by duration
• Classification by the prevailing inflammatory component
• Renovation/healing
Edema
• Causes and pathogenesis
• Transudate, exudate
• Excessive fluid accumulation in body cavities
• Local, general edema
• Pulmonary edema, cerebral edema
Blood circulation disorders
• Polycythemia (active, passive)
• Haemorrhage
• Shock
• Thrombosis
• Embolism
• Ischemia (acute, chronic)
• Infarction
Immune disorders
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Transplantation and transplant rejection
• Autoimmune diseases
• Hashimoto’s autoimmune thyroiditis
• Immunodeficiency diseases
• AIDS
Genetic disorders
• Mutations, chromosome anomalies
• Down syndrome
• Monogenic genetic diseases
• Hemophilia
• Neurofibromatosis
• Polygenic genetic diseases
Cysts, pseudocysts
• Neoplasms
• Definition, nomenclature, classification
• Etiology
• Premalignant diseases
• Neoplastic cell transformation, oncogenic/suppressor genes)
• Neoplasm differentiation
• Clonality, progression and heterogeneity of neoplasms
• Biological characteristics of neoplasms and tumour markers
• Benign neoplasms
• Malignant neoplasms
• Effects of neoplasms on the organism (local, systemic)
• Epidemiology of neoplasms
• Colon adenoma
• Lung carcinoma
• Osteogenic sarcoma
• Hodgkin’s disease
TUTORIAL
• Basic pathological tests – theoretical bases and practical demonstrations.
• Biopsy
• Definition and role, classification (cytological – exfoliative/aspiration, histological), sampling techniques, fixation and preparation of permanent histological/cytological specimens, intraoperative histological test of cryostatic slides, electron microscopy, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and molecular biological methods in pathology
Autopsy
• role, types (clinical, forensic, sanitary), basic thanatology
Selected chapters from special pathology
• diabetes, pneumonia, tuberculosis, atherosclerosis, bronchial asthma, breast cancer
