Content

Subject carrier

Description

1. Fundamentals of anatomy and clinical anatomy: standard anatomical position, directional terminology, anatomical planes and axes, body regions, body cavities, and serous membranes; surface anatomy, landmarks of bones and other palpable surfaces, and basic tissue planes. Introduction to imaging anatomy (X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI), orientation in sectional anatomy, and three-dimensional spatial relationships of anatomical structures using the Anatomage Table.
2. Levels of organization, the cell, basic tissue types, skin and fasciae: basic cellular structure; epithelial, connective and supporting, muscular, and nervous tissues; skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia, and deep fascia. Clinical-anatomical significance of tissue layers in relation to wounds, pressure, injections, vascular access, and patient positioning.
3. Osteology: axial and appendicular skeleton; types of bones; macroscopic and basic microscopic structure of bones, periosteum, endosteum, bone marrow, and bone cells; major bones and clinically important palpable landmarks of bones. Correlation with safe patient positioning, pressure-prone areas (deep tissue pressure injury [DTPI] and pressure ulcers), and basic diagnostic imaging anatomy of bones.
4. Arthrology: fibrous and cartilaginous continuous connections between bones and synovial joints; articular surfaces, cartilage, joint capsules, ligaments, bursae, and tendon sheaths. Basic types of movement and biomechanics of selected clinically important joints, with orientation based on surface landmarks and diagnostic imaging.
5. Myology: morphological types of muscle tissue; hierarchical organization of skeletal muscle, muscle fibres, connective tissue sheaths, tendons, aponeuroses, and fasciae. Selected clinically important muscles and muscle groups, including their principal attachments, innervation, function, and topographical relationships. Anatomical basis of intramuscular injection and the basic ultrasonographic appearance of muscles and tendons.
6. Central and peripheral nervous systems: neurons, glial cells, and synapses; grey and white matter; meninges, cerebrospinal fluid spaces, and ventricles; spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum. Spinal nerve roots and nerves, nerve plexuses, dermatomes, major peripheral nerves, the twelve cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.
7. Cardiovascular system: structure of the vascular wall and types of blood vessels; position and structure of the heart, pericardium, cardiac chambers, valves, coronary vessels, and cardiac conduction system. Pulmonary and systemic circulation, major arterial and venous pathways, the hepatic portal system, and fundamentals of fetal circulation. Superficial veins, pulse points, and topographical relationships relevant to venepuncture, peripheral and central vascular access, and arterial access. Basic ultrasonographic orientation of blood vessels and the heart as a demonstration of normal anatomy.
8. Lymphatic System: lymphatic capillaries and collecting vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, thoracic duct, and right lymphatic duct; spleen, thymus, tonsils, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and bone marrow. Regional lymphatic drainage and the clinical-anatomical significance of lymph node palpation and lymphoedema.
9. Respiratory System: upper and lower respiratory tracts; nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree; lungs, lobes, fissures, bronchopulmonary segments, pulmonary hilum, and root of the lung; pleura and pleural recesses, thoracic wall, intercostal neurovascular bundle, and diaphragm. Clinical anatomy of the airway and pleural procedures, together with basic radiological and ultrasonographic anatomy of the thorax.
10. Gastrointestinal System: general structure of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract; oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anal canal; peritoneum, mesenteries, and omenta. Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and biliary tract; basic vascular and lymphatic organization of the gastrointestinal system and topographical anatomy of the abdomen. Anatomical basis of enteral feeding tubes, gastrostomy, jejunostomy, and intestinal stomas, as well as basic ultrasonographic orientation of the abdominal organs.
11. Urinary System: position, coverings, hilum, and internal structure of the kidneys; nephron and collecting system; ureters, urinary bladder, and female and male urethra. Topographical relationships within the retroperitoneum and pelvis, the anatomical basis of urinary bladder catheterization in male and female patients, and basic ultrasonographic orientation of the kidneys and urinary bladder.
12. Genital System, Pelvic Floor, and Perineum: structure and topographical relationships of the male and female reproductive organs and their peritoneal relationships within the pelvis. Clinically important anatomical changes occurring during different stages of life and their relationship to basic physical examination and diagnostic imaging procedures.
13. Endocrine System: basic organization of the endocrine organs; hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, and gonads as endocrine organs. Emphasis on their location, topographical relationships, and basic clinical and imaging anatomy, including ultrasonographic examination of the thyroid gland as a demonstration of normal anatomy.